Born in 1951 in Ljubljana. Graduated from literature, languages and philosophy at the Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana. Postgraduate studies: École des hautes études en sciences sociales, Paris, and Faculty of Linguistics, University of Antwerp. Obtained his Ph. D. from epistemology at the Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana. Carried out a considerable number of research projects in the areas of education (civic education, textbooks, learning achievements), theories of knowledge, and discourse analysis. National coordinator for all IEA studies in which Slovenia has been participating. At present head of the Centre for Applied Epistemology at Educational Research Institute where IEA studies and the PISA study are being conducted. From 1995 to 2001 director of the Educational Research Institute, Ljubljana. From 1998 to 2006 head of the National Council for the Evaluation in Education, now member of that body. Professor at the Institutum Studiorum Humanitatis – Ljubljana Graduate School for Humanities.